光譜儀 + 電腦資料處理 (System + CRT)

Simultaneous Spectral Analysis

• Spectrometers cover the entire range, from 250 to 2500nm
High spectral and spatial resolution of Gel grating spectrometers allow for simultaneous spectral analysis of a large number of separate points providing data for hyperspectral imaging. In addition, their excellent terminal and mechanical stability allows for the installation on mobile platforms; such as vehicles, airplanes and potentially satellites.

The broad spectral range (250-2500nm) covered by P&P Optica Inc. spectrometers make them an ideal platform to support demanding applications that require high resolution hyper-spectral broadband analysis. Preliminary analysis demonstrates that four P&P Optica spectrometers would be sufficient to cover the entire UV/NIR range providing over 2000 spectral points with an average equivalent spectral resolution of one nanometer.

Multi-Channel

• Sample from up to 144 independent channels at one time
Many applications require the acquisition of signal from more than one source at a time. This is especially important in process line control, biomedical applications, microscopy or other applications where 2D imaging or hyperspectral imaging is required. Our spectrometers can simultaneously analyze up to 144 separate channels using a single, low cost, high spectral resolution instrument. The number of channels can be even larger if crosstalk between the channels is acceptable. These unique multichannel spectrometers use Gel Gratings, and refractive optics to provide high resolution, low noise spectral acquisition in the 250 to 2500 nm spectral ranges.

Hyper-Spectral Imaging

• Create a spectral 4D cube for any image
P&P Optica has developed hyperspectral spectrometers which can be used to obtain very high spectral resolution and hyperspectral images without the use of filters. This means that a much finer spectral resolution can be obtained within a single scan. More importantly, the entire spectrum for each point of the object is obtained simultaneously so that spectral information is not distorted by dynamically changing objects.

Applications:

The family of non-scanning,high performance spectrometers supplied by P&P Optica can be used in a wide variety of applications ranging from biomedicine to process control. The following types of systems are available:

1. Imaging spectrometers:
used in aerial photography, microscopy and any other applications requiring hyperspectral images.

2. High performance
systems: allow rapid acquisition of high resolution spectra with remarkable dynamic range.

3. Multichannel systems:
used to replace multiple spectrometers in an application - acquire characterization of objects from multiple directions simultaneously.

Modular Design

Our extensive experience in the design and use of high performance imaging multichannel and Raman spectrometers has allowed us to develop a unique, modular approach to building the highest quality, non-scanning optical spectrometers available.

Your P&P Optica
spectrometer will behave the way you want it to: measuring the most fleeting of signals for your research.

Modular system allows for ease of rapid customization

Spectrometer Capabilities：

‧ F/4 or F/3, high throughput, low noise, refractive optics provide pixel-sizelimited
     performance for detector area 25X12mm in size.

‧ Optical and mechanical design specifically developed to deliver efficient 
     management of scattered and reflected light, resulting in extremely low level of 
     parasitic light.

‧ No moving parts (except mechanical shutter in some models) and very stable
     mechanical design secures exceptional mechanical wavelength reproducibility.
 
‧ Spectral ranges cover up to 95% of an octave anywhere from 250 to 2500 nm.

‧“Smile effect” free image of the slit up to 12mm long, allowing for fast signal binning
      along the slit, practically without

The unique features of P&P spectrometers

Transmission Gel Gratings spatially separate the collimating and focusing parts of the system while the refractive optics eliminate the many aberrations and stray light so common in other spectrometer designs. This allows our spectrometers to measure the entire spectrum at the same time without relying on moving parts. Along with careful matching of spectral ranges to the capabilities of photodetectors, P&P Optica spectrometers outperform competing array based instruments working in the UV/VIS/NIR spectral ranges.

The systems have minimal aberrations and high light throughput, making them ideal for low light level spectroscopy. P&P Optica spectrometers offer high dynamic range and high spectral resolution covering spectral ranges from 250 to 2500 nm.

Gel Gratings

Your research deserves the best. Don’t let noise and ghosts destroy your results.

Custom designed Gel Grating

What Are Gel Gratings?

Gel Gratings work on a different principle from traditional relief reflecting gratings.

The manufacturing process of a Gel Grating begins when a layer of gel or polymer that is able to change refractive index under light influence is exposed to an optical beam whose intensity periodically changes. After processing, the exposed layer is sandwiched between two transparent plates. The entire assembly then acts as a diffraction grating.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Traditional gratings are usually produced as a result of a highly disruptive mechanical or chemical process which produces periodic grooves with microscopic cracks on the surface. Efficiency of the grating depends on the profile of the grooves, while micro-cracks are responsible for severe light scattering. Maximum efficiency for such a grating can be achieved when the diffractive beam propagates in the opposite direction to the incident beam. This severe design limitation prevents traditional gratings from operating at their maximum efficiency.

Gel Gratings do not have problems with light scattering micro-cracks. They produce a diffracted beam propagating under a certain angle to the incident beam. Hence they can be used in optimal working conditions. The result is a more efficient use of available light and dramatically lowered scattered light levels. When the signal is binned along the 12mm slit with a proper detector array P&P Optica spectrometers can deliver a 100,000:1 signal to noise ratio (SNR).

144 Channel Probe for two dimensional hyper-spectral imaging	144 Channels: 25 mm Slit

Gel Gratings working under optimal conditions combined with high quality optical lenses enable the production of UV/VIS/NIR and Raman spectrometers for simultaneous registration of the whole spectra for each point of the slit. Using this technology it is possible to build a spectrometer with a 25mm slit for simultaneous spectral analysis of signal collected from 144 separate channels. Such instruments can be used for the observation of spectra from multiple sources at the same time. This is especially practical in fast changing measuring conditions such  as: unstable biological samples, measurement of mixtures or quickly moving objects. Binning the signal along such a long slit allows for the detection of small amounts of substances or small concentration changes.

Infinite Possibilities

With high performance, non-scanning spectrometers from P&P Optica it is possible to:

‧Measure dynamically changing samples rapidly to capture spectral information at
    different states.

‧ Increase the dynamic range by several orders of magnitude over typical
     spectrometers.

‧ Exactly match the design of the spectrometer to the customer's specific
     requirements.

‧ Simplify complex measurement systems with one high performance spectrometer.

‧ Collect separate spectra along each point in a slit simultaneously using 2D
     detectors.

‧ Observe small concentration changes, detect small amounts of substance and
     observe spectra from multiple sources at the same time.

High Throughput
Why it is important

Highly efficient Gel Gratings working under optimal efficiency conditions coupled with high quality optical components result in a high throughput instrument that delivers efficient management of available light. This makes Gel Gratings ideal for low light level spectroscopy such as LIBS, Raman and dynamic time domain fluorescence.

100,000:1 SNR
Make Every Photon Count

High throughput spectrometers produce a low level of scattered light and have the capability to integrate signals from a long slit. This results in an instrument able to provide a SNR reaching  100,000:1 and greater in the UV/VIS/NIR ranges.

High SNR makes these instruments particularly useful for high performance fluorescence spectroscopy, as it allows for the detection of very small variations in spectra caused by the presence of various chemical components in extremely low concentrations.


　

低噪音紫外光譜和拉曼光譜

高的光通量、傑出的SNR和模塊化的設計能夠為客戶提供特殊用途的儀器。

‧使用 P&P Optica 的光譜儀，可實現對於生物醫學、制藥和食品等過程的遠端及無損
    檢測。

‧凝膠光柵光譜儀的一個主要優點就是它能夠實施遠端光譜分析而不破壞和改變樣品。

‧事實證明這樣的高性能儀器已拉開了無須化學試劑就可進行光譜化學分析的序幕。

‧由 P&P Optica 生產的吸收和拉曼光譜儀不僅能夠區分不同分子式的Acetaminophen 藥品
   ，而且能辨別具有相同分子式但不同廠家所製造的 Acetaminophen。

‧由於優秀的光收集能力，凝膠光柵光譜儀已被證明適合於全能光譜測試。

‧作為研究蛋白-藥物相互作用項目的一部分，拉曼光譜被用於在 700mm 距離外對 50mm
    長的毛細管內等電蛋白聚焦過程進行遠端全柱成像。

‧通過使用12×12的光纖矩陣，多通道配置的光譜儀可允許觀察被測樣品有效 成份濃度
    的變化。

‧最近，P&P Optica 引進了具有透射光柵和透射光元件的深紫外光譜儀，以提供對生物
    醫學和其他樣品的高性能光譜分析。

‧通過使用光纖，所有的P&P Optica 光譜儀都可用于遠端化學分析和程序控制。在過程
    中僅僅需要一台儀器就可以檢測多達144個獨立的點。因其獨特的設計，所有的通道
    都是同一個時間採集的。用一個系統對樣品光譜採集、成像和處理，這就允許現有程序控制的樣品處置。

Low Noise UV and Raman Spectroscopy 拉曼光譜儀

High throughput and exceptional SNR combined with a modular design allows for custom instruments targeted to specific applications

‧ Remote and non-destructive monitoring of biomedical, pharmaceutical and food
     processes become possible with P&P Optica spectrometers.

‧ A major advantage of Gel Grating spectrometers is that they have the capability to
     perform spectral analysis remotely without destroying or altering the sample.

‧ It has been proven that such a high performance instrument opens the door to
     perform spectroscopic chemical analysis without the need for chemical reagents.

‧ Both absorbance and Raman spectrometers produced by P&P Optica demonstrate
     the capability to distinguish not only different acetaminophen based drug
     formulations but were also able to distinguish identical formulations produced by
     different factories from the same brand.

‧ Due to excellent light collecting capability, Gel Grating spectrometers proved to be
     suitable for throughpackage spectral measurements.

‧ Raman spectroscopy was used for remote whole column imaging of isoelectric
     protein focusing process inside a 50mm long capillary from a distance of 700mm,
     as a part of a protein-drug interaction project.

‧Multi-channel configuration of the spectrometer allows for the observation of
    variations of active ingredient concentration within tested samples through the use of
    a 12 by 12 matrix  of optical fibers. (illustrated below)

‧ Recently P&P Optica introduced a deep UV spectrometer with a transmission
     grating and transmission optics to provide high performance spectral analysis of
     biomedical and other samples.

‧Through the use of optical fibers, all P&P Optica spectrometers can be used for
    remote chemical analysis and process control. Only one instrument is needed to
    inspect up to 144 separate points within a process. Due to its unique design, all
    channels are synchronized and acquired simultaneously. The sample spectra are
    acquired, imaged and processed within one unit, allowing for simple implementation
    in existing process control applications.
   

>Read More

Non-Scanning, Dispersive High Performance Raman Spectrometers

The weakness of typical Raman signals mandate the use of very high sensitivity spectrometers. The high optical throughput of P&P Optica Inc. spectrometers allow for accurate registration of extremely weak signal and hence they are ideal for Raman spectroscopy. In particular they allow for remote Raman measurement of dynamically changing samples.

Imaging Spectrometers 成像光譜儀

Enable the acquisition of a spectrally resolved image of a two dimensional scene. P&P Optica Inc. imaging spectrometers are designed to allow simultaneous collection of data from separate points along the length the slit. As the slit scans across a scene, multiple images are taken to stitch together a hyperspectral image. The advantage of this system is that all spectral data for a given point is collected at one time, and that it provides very highly spectrally resolved images (down to 0.3 nm resolution).

>Read More

High-performance broad-band spectroscopy for breast cancer risk assessment

Figure 1. Schematic of a breast transillumination setup. The breast is illuminated with a broad-band light source. Transmitted light is collected underneath the breast; spectral information is extracted by the spectrometer and is then displayed on a computer screen.

PPO高性能光譜儀之特點

Special Features

1.     採用最先進之分光器, VPH (Volume Phase Holography Transmission Grating) 之分光原理, 具備下列優點:

(1)            分光效率非常高;

   (Higher Diffraction Efficiency)

   * 傳統分光原理採用細條凹構, 不管是用機械刻劃或

化學腐蝕, 均易產生不圓滑凹構造成分光效率降低.

      *  VPH分光採用透射分光方式, 而傳統分光原理採用

反射分光方式(Relief Reflection Surface Grating) 其反射光無法與入射光同一個方向及角度因而造成效率降低很多.

Efficiency of VPH Gratings

光學系統之輸出 (Throughput) (系統所能檢測到的光之量)

不同光柵(分光器)之衍射效率的比較:

(1)  PPO 凝膠(VPH)光柵

(2)  全息反射光柵 (HRG)

(3)  金剛石刻劃反射光柵(RRG)。

(2)             散射光很少(Lower Scattered Light)

2.     訊號與噪音比值(SNR), 高達 100,000 : 1

 (Signal to Noise Ratio at 100,000 : 1)

 當沿著12 mm長狹縫收集訊號資料(line binning mode)並以陣列檢測器(如CCD Array Detector) 加以接收各種光譜資料, 經電腦處理後是SNR可高達100,000 : 1, 因為很高SNR值的儀器很適合做

拉曼光譜分析, 高性能螢光光譜分析( High Performance Fluorescence Spectroscopy), 也適用於極低化學物品濃度分析.

3.     最多可同時144通道之光譜分析:

一台光譜儀可採用25 mm 長狹縫(Slit) 並以144條光纖傳送144個通道之光譜分析, 此方式最適合於不穩定之活體生物樣品(隨時間改變狀態), 例如活體細胞, 微生物等或檢測兩種物質及混合狀態或快速移動之物體.  所以一台光譜儀可以同時測許多點(樣品).

4.    適合檢測極為微量之物質或極小濃度之變化.

(需採用Line Binning Mode方式來分析)

5.    非常適合極微光通量之光譜儀分析.

(Very low light level spectroscopy) 例如:

 * 拉曼光譜分析 (Raman)

 * 激光誘導擊穿光譜分析(LIBS)

   (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy)

 可用於元素和離子化學鑑定, 合金成份分析, 非常適合

現場分析(On-Site analysis for determining elemental composition)

 * 螢光光譜分析

   (Easier Customerization in Grating Design)

6.    可按客戶之需求訂做特別之分光器.

(Easier Customerization in Grating Design)

7.     從收集光源, 狹缝處理, 準直光線, 光譜分光, 聚焦光譜至最後檢測器, 全部分析系統放在一個密閉盒金屬外殼內,  使儀器操作簡單, 保養容易 (清潔容易.)

(An encapsulated grating structure that allows cleaning and handling of the grating assembly more easily)

8.    較高級而複雜之分光器可以特別訂做獲得, 而傳統分光器是無法做到.

(Ability to fabricate complex grating structures which are impossible with classical gratings.)

9.    可做高速影像處理之光譜儀(High Speed Image Spectrometer)

利用多通道光纖將影像一次全方位掃瞄後利用VPH分光器及陣列檢測器(Detector Array), 再經由電腦快速產生影像.

一般成像光譜儀(Image Spectrometer) 只有部分能投射入

狹缝(Slit), 然後投射在分光器上再分光然後收集光譜再經電腦處理後產生部分影像, 因此影像處理很慢.

但P& P Optic (PPO)之成像光譜儀, 利用許多光纖一次就能將全部圖像投射入狹缝(Slit), 然後再分光, 成像, 因此影像處理很快.

10.     可做拉曼光譜分析及顯微拉曼光譜分析

 (Raman Spectroscopy/Micro-Raman Spectroscopy)

Raman散射效應為一種可以有效研究分子結構, 分子振動能量, 轉動能量, 分子中各種功能基或化學鏈位置的確定, 以及複雜混合分子之定量分析等等之重要分析方法.

由於Raman散射光非常微弱, 必需要有很敏感之光譜儀才能檢測到散射信號.  PPO Raman Spectrometer之敏感度可達100,000: 1 之SNR值, 因此很適用於拉曼分析

拉曼光譜簡化規格:

* 狹縫長達 14 mm (Slit up to 14 mm long).

* 信噪值100,000 : 1 (SNR: 100,000 : 1)

* 三大種類: (Raman Shift)

    50 – 1,000 cm^-1    解析度 > 1 cm ^-1

    75 – 3,600 cm^-1    解析度 > 3.6 cm ^-1

    75 – 7,000 cm^-1    解析度 > 7 cm ^-1

* 二大用途:

  (1) 拉曼光譜分析 (Raman)

  (2) 螢光光譜分析 (Fluorescence

PPO光譜儀之各種應用

1.    生物醫學:

 (1)  血液分析,體外體內以及其它液體之分析

 (2)  乳腺癌風險評估及預測

 (3)  光學斷層掃描技術

(OCT, Optical Coherence Tomography)

             3D 肌肉組織之成像 供醫學研究

2. 製藥工業在線控制及藥品分析

3. 食品製程控制

4.    LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy)

        鐳射誘導擊穿光譜之分析

5.    國家安全

6.    宇宙與空間高光譜成像(航空、太空成像)

PPO光譜儀 目前正在進行的項目

1. 乳房密度檢測 及 乳房癌風險評估

2. 眼睛的光學斷層掃描技術

    (OCT, Optical Coherence Tomography)

3. 攝護腺癌氧化(Prostate Cancer Oxygenation)分析

4. 拉曼光譜化學的分子鑒定

5. 空間的和顯微的高光譜成像

6. 無試劑血液分析(Blood Analysis without Reagents)

7. 環境污染的遙感分析技術

8. 高溫液態鋁的LIBS (鐳射誘導擊穿光譜儀)之測試分析

     (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy)

製程控制 (Process Control)

1. PPO多通道光譜儀,能夠很容易的應用到
    大多數的生產製程控制.

2. 需要一台儀器就可以監控過程中的
     多達144個獨立的點(地方或物件).

3. 由於儀器的獨特設計,

     所以多通道都是同時檢測和採集的.

     樣品的光譜採集、成像和處理都是用一台儀器完成.

4. 這使得目前的製程控制(Process Control)
    之應用變得更簡單。

PPO提供許多特殊的探測器，樣品介面和連接器
它們可以和光譜儀一起使用,來滿足用戶的特殊應用

光學斷層掃描 OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)

生物組織的3維光學成像應

光學斷層掃描 OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)

生物組織的3維光學成像應用

乳房密度檢測(乳房投射法)

乳腺癌風險之評估

光譜的血液分析

樣品測試舉例: 血清(血液)中不同成分(1)

光譜的血液分析

生理液分析:血清(血液)中成分(2)

光譜的血液分析

生理液分析:血清(血液)中成分(3)

>Read More

參考文獻：

	P&P Optica Technology For High Performance Spectrometers, Adaptable to Your Applications.
	Volume Diffraction Gratings in High Perormance Spectrometers, Romuald Pawluczyk (Canada)
	Multichannel Imaging Spectrometers
	High-Performance Broad-Band Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Risk Assessment
	Comparative Performance Analysis of P&P Optica Spectrometers Part 1: Performance Comparison between P&P Optica and Major Comeptitor (MC). Part 2: Performance Comparison between P&P Optica and a Standard Off the Shelf      Spectrometer. Part 3:  Feasibility of Raman Spectroscopy.
	Spectroscopic Blood Analysis (Clinical Chemistry Without Reagents)